This post is written by Leah Salm, research officer in health and nutrition at the Institute of Development Studies (IDS), and was originally published on the A4NH website.

The climate crisis is generating a nutrition and health crisis and widening inequalities. With the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) now postponed to November 2021, this is an important moment to look for new ways to take action that embody a just transition to low carbon economies, one that protects the health and nutrition of at-risk populations. In this context, we have conducted a new multidisciplinary review to examine how climate change interacts with inequity to affect nutrition.

We set out to identify a body of work that joins the dots between climate change and malnutrition through various pathways (see figure 1). Through mapping the ever-growing body of framework literature linking climate change to health and nutrition outcomes, we saw a clear gap in the research — identifying how issues of inequity (the differences in outcomes and processes that are unnecessary, avoidable, unfair and unjust) shape nutrition outcomes in the context of climate change. We built on these frameworks and developed our own climate change and nutrition metaframework. Through a systematic review process, we identified and mapped primary research evidence onto this framework.

Figure 1: Climate change and nutrition metaframework.

Moreover, we wanted to dig deeper into exactly what types of inequities were being identified (such as inequitable nutrition outcomes on the basis of gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status, etc.), and how well the literature incorporated how and why these inequities exist, through considering how injustice such as discrimination and exclusion in decision-making feature in the literature.

We included 46 studies that made these connections. We found that while the literature identifies the types of inequities (most commonly based on place of residence, occupation and socioeconomic status), only a small subsection elaborate on the "causes of the causes" as to what is perpetuating these inequities. The literature that was well positioned to take a more holistic understanding of inequity was of mixed-method or qualitative design, and focused on gender and ethnicity as the sources of inequity.

Perhaps we have a longer history of conducting research with these groups with an equity lens that acknowledges the systemic processes that have increased their vulnerability. However, the overwhelming majority of literature did not elaborate further than the distribution of population nutrition outcomes, most often as part of quantitative climate change scenario modeling.

This is an important gap because without research connecting inequitable nutrition outcomes with the processes and systems that underpin and drive them, it is harder to identify (much less implement) equitable climate change mitigation and adaptation solutions that are appropriate to the needs of vulnerable people.

We largely see this work as a starting point to demonstrate how it is possible to bring together the critical issues of malnutrition, climate change and inequity and, in doing so, learn from already available information and highlight key research gaps. Although, there is also an argument to be made for potential policy implications.

In theory, there is recognition that the impacts of climate change are not felt equally, and the same climate effect will create different threats, costs and new opportunities, largely due to pre-existing inequalities. This has led to the concept of a "just transition" to lower-carbon economies. In policy and program practice, however, equity considerations, particularly in relation to health are lacking from climate change policies and from the models which largely inform them.

Climate policies can be positive, neutral or negative with regard to their impacts on health and inequality. In order for positive impacts to occur, policy design and its implementation need to be inclusive of many stakeholder perspectives and informed by contextual factors. These contextual factors mirror the equity dimensions incorporated in our research (considerations of who is vulnerable, who is included and excluded in decision making, what processes of injustice and discrimination perpetuate unfair outcomes). We see these considerations as critical to future climate policy discussion.

Our review team (including Nicholas Nisbett, Laura Cramer, Stuart Gillespie and Philip Thornton) embodied the multidisciplinary approach required to tackle these interrelated challenges, with climate, social science and nutrition and methodological expertise coming together. This work is therefore a great demonstration of multisectoral working which is essential for tackling challenges that occur at the interfaces of multiple crises.

This work was supported by the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), the Institute of Development Studies (IDS), CCAFS and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI).